WASHINGTON - U.S. productivity grew at an even slower annual rate than previously thought in the final three months of last year.
Economists are hoping productivity growth will revive in 2014, reflecting a stronger economy.
Productivity grew at an annual rate of 1.8 per cent in the October-December quarter, a slowdown from 3.5 per cent productivity growth in the third quarter, the Labor Department reported Thursday.
The new estimate was lower than the 3.2 per cent gain the government had previously reported. Unit labour costs dipped 0.1 per cent, a smaller drop than the 1.6 per cent drop previously estimated.
For the year, productivity increased a tiny 0.5 per cent, continuing a weak trend seen over the past three years. Analysts are forecasting a rebound in productivity this year, helped by stronger economic growth.
Productivity is the amount of production per hour of output. The downward revision for the fourth quarter reflected that output, as measured by the gross domestic product, was lowered from the government's initial estimate.
The fourth quarter growth rate for GDP, the nation's total output of goods and services, was revised to 2.4 per cent, down from the previous estimate of a 3.2 per cent growth rate. With less output, productivity was revised lower.
The 0.5 per cent rise in productivity for all of 2013 was down from a 1.5 per cent increase in 2012. It was the weakest annual performance since an identical 0.5 per cent rise in 2011. Labor costs edged up a slight 1.1 per cent in 2013, continuing a trend of modest gains in labour costs.
Economists expect that with a stronger economy in 2014, productivity will show gains as well. Analysts at JPMorgan are forecasting that productivity will increase by 2.1 per cent in 2014.
Greater productivity raises living standards because it enables companies to pay their workers more without having to raise prices which could boost inflation.
The Federal Reserve monitors productivity and labour costs for any signs that inflation could pick up. Mild inflation has allowed the Fed to keep short-term interest rates at record lows and purchase bonds to try to keep long-term rates down.
The Fed in December and again in January announced that it was reducing its monthly bond purchases, taking them from $85 billion per month down to $65 billion.
But at the same time, the Fed strengthened its commitment to keep short-term rates low for an extended period. It expects to keep those rates low "well past" the time that unemployment dips below 6.5 per cent. The unemployment rate in January dropped to 6.6 per cent.
The Fed has the room to keep interest rates at record lows to boost the economy because inflation is running well below the central bank's 2 per cent target.
In records going back to 1947, productivity has been growing by about 2 per cent per year.
In 2010 and 2011, productivity increased at annual rates above 3 per cent. That reflected the fact that millions of Americans were laid off as companies struggled to cope with a deep downturn. While output was down as well, the number of workers fell more, increasing the rate of productivity. But after that initial jump, productivity has slowed in recent years.